Objectives: This study analyzes the limitations of domestic and international infectious disease surveillance systems identified during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to logically present the necessity of establishing a Korean model of an Overseas Infectious Disease Information Center by analyzing the cases of major international organizations and advanced countries, such as WHO’s EIOS, the U.S. CDC’s GDD, the European ECDC, and Germany’s RKI. This research is expected to contribute to enhancing rapid surveillance and response capabilities at the national level and strengthening international cooperation. Methods: A comprehensive literature review and a Delphi survey involving 11 infectious disease experts were conducted to assess the current surveillance systems and develop recommendations for improving Korea’s surveillance and response strategies. Results: Findings revealed significant gaps in real-time overseas infectious disease information collection and analysis, contributing to delayed responses during the initial phase of COVID-19 in Korea. Advanced nations have successfully implemented AI-based surveillance and international collaboration, highlighting the necessity for Korea to adopt similar systems. Experts emphasized establishing an independent information center under KDCA, linking real-time data with WHO EIOS and CDC GDD, employing multidisciplinary experts, and integrating AI-driven systems. Conclusion: Establishing an independent Overseas Infectious Disease Information Center capable of real-time data collection and analysis is critical for enhancing Korea’s infectious disease surveillance and early response capabilities. This requires robust international cooperation, specialized workforce training, and legislative support, which this study recommends as foundational steps to prepare Korea for future pandemics.